WHAT ARE THE KEY ALANKARAS?

The following are the key Alankaras (अलङ्कार:):-
अतिशयोक्ति:
अनुप्रास​:
अर्थान्तरन्यास​:
उपमा अलङ्कार:
उत्प्रेक्षा
दृष्टान्त​:
रूपकम्
व्यतिरेकालङ्कार​:
श्लेष​:
स्मरणालङ्कार​:
जय जय श्रीराधे   

WHAT ARE THE KEY ASPECTS OF KARAKAM (कारकम्) ?

The following are the key aspects of  Karakam (कारकम्) :-
(1) Karta (कर्ता )
(2) Karma (कर्म)
(3) Karanam (करणम्)
(4) Sampradanam (सम्प्रदानम् )
(5) Apadanam (अपादानम्)
(6) Adhikaranam (अधिकरणम्)
जय जय श्रीराधे   

WHAT ARE THE DASA LAKARAS IN VYAKARANAM ?

There are ten  Lakaras  in Vyakaranam which represent the present tense, past tense and future tense as well as the imperative,potential,benedictory and conditional moods,

लट् वर्तमाने लेट् वेदे भूते लुङ् लङ् लिटस्तथा।

विध्याशिषोस्तु लिङ्लोटौ लृट् लुट् लृङ् च भविष्यति॥

लेट्  is used only in Vedas. Other Ten Lakaras like लट् are used in Classical Sanskrit literature.

जय जय श्रीराधे   

HOW MANY TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF SAMASA (समास​:) ARE THERE?

There are eight main types of Samasas (समास:) and 28 classifications thereof.
These are:-
तत्पुरुष​ समास​:  - 8
कर्मधारय​ समास: -7
बहुव्रीहि समास​: -7
द्विगु समास​: -2
द्वन्द्व  समास​:-2
अव्ययीभाव समास​: -2
Total number of समास​: -28
षोढा समासा: संक्षेपात् अष्टािवंशतिधा पुन​:।
नित्यानित्यत्वयोगेन लुगलुक्त्वेन च द्विधा॥
तत्राष्टधा तत्पुरुष​: सप्तधा कर्मधारय​:।
सप्तधा च बहुव्रीहि:  द्विगुराभाषितो द्विधा॥
द्वन्द्वोऽपि द्विविधो ज्ञेयोऽव्ययीभावो द्विधा मत​:।
तेषां पुन​: समासानां प्राधान्यं स्याच्चतुर्विधम्॥
जय जय श्रीराधे  

WHETHER UPASARGAS IMPACT THE MEANING OF A WORD?

Upasargas verily impact the meaning of a word.

Different Upasargas mean differently when they are prefixed to the same word.

उपसर्गेण धात्वर्थो बलादन्यत्र नीयते।

विहाराहार संहार प्रहार परिहारवत्॥

जय जय श्रीराधे  

IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING VYAKARANAM

The importance of learning  Vyakaranam is demonstrated by the following Slokas:-
शब्दशास्त्रमनधीत्य य​:पुमान् वक्तुमिच्छति वच​:सभान्तरे ।
रोद्धुमिच्छति वने मदोत्कटं हस्तिनं कमलनालतन्तुना॥
माधुर्यमक्षरव्यक्ति: पदच्छेदस्तु सुस्वर​:।
धैर्यं लयसमर्थं च षडेते पाठका गुणा:॥
यद्यपि  बहु नाधीषेे  तथापि पठ पुत्र व्याकरणम् ।
स्वजन​:श्वजनो मा भूत् सकलं शकलं सकृत् शकृत्॥
जय जय श्रीराधे  

PAURANIKA SLOKA ASIRVADAM

bhadram astu śivam cā'stu mahālakṣmī prasīdatu |

rakṣantu tvāṃ surā sarve sampadaḥ santu susthira ||

mantrārthāḥ saphalāḥ santu pūrṇā santu manorathāḥ |

śatrūṇāṃ buddhi nāśo'stu mitrāṇāmudayastathā ||

avyādhinā śarīreṇa manasā ca nirādhinā |

pūrayannarthinām āśām jīva-tvaṃ śaradaś-śatan ||

sapatnyā durgrahāḥ pāpā duṣṭa sattvādyupadravāḥ |

tamāla patram ālokya sadā saumya bhavantu te ||

āyurārogyam aiśvaryam yaśas-tejo jvalāmatiḥ |

brahma-putra bhavas-tejas-tilakena kṛtena te ||

sarve devāḥ sagandharvā brahmā viṣṇu śivādayaḥ |

rakṣantu tvāṃ sadā yāntaṃ tiṣṭhantaṃ nidrayā-yutam ||

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS THE RULE REGARDING SANDHI?

The Rule regarding Sandhi (सन्धि) is  as follows :-

सन्धिरेकपदे नित्या नित्या धातूपसर्गयो:।

नित्या समासे वाक्ये तु सा विवक्षामपेक्षते॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS KNOWN AS UPADESA ?

Upadesa  (उपदेश​) is defined as follows :-

धातु सूत्र गणोणादि वाक्य लिङगानुशासनम्।

आगमप्रत्ययादेशा उपदेशा: प्रकीर्तिता:॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT TO DO TO GRASP VYAKARANAM?

 The science of language is verily infinite
 But life is short and impediments  are too many
 Grasp the essence and leave out the rest
 As  Hamsa extracts milk  amidst water.
 अनन्तपारं किल शब्दशास्त्रं
स्वल्पं तथायुर्बहवश्च विघ्ना:।
सारं ततो ग्राह्यमपास्य फल्गु
हंसैर्यथा क्षीरमिवाम्बुमध्याम्॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

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जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS AVYAYA?

Avyaya (अव्यय​) is one which does not change irrespective of the gender or grammatical case.

सदृशं त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु सर्वासु च विभक्तिषु ।

वचनेषु च सर्वेषु यन्नव्येति तदव्ययम् ॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHO ARE KNOWN AS THE MUNITRAYA OF VYAKARANA SASTRA?

Panini. Patanjali and Vararuci are hailed as the Munitraya of Vyakarana Sastra.

वाक्यकारं वररुचिं भाष्यकारं पतञ्जलिम् ।

पाणिनिं सूत्रकारञ्च प्रणतोऽस्मि मुनित्रयम् ॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS BHASHYAM?

Bhashyam  (भाष्यम्) is defined as follows :-

सूत्रार्थो वर्ण्यते यत्र वाक्यै: सूत्रानुसारिभि: ।

स्वपदानि च वर्ण्यन्ते भाष्यं भाष्यविदो विदु:॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS SUTRAM?

 Sutram  (सूत्रम्) is defined as follows :-

अल्पाक्षरमसन्दिग्धं सारवत्  विश्वतोमुखम्।

अस्तोभमनवद्यं च सूत्रं सूत्रविदो विदुः ॥

जय जय श्रीराधे 

WHAT IS VARTIKAM ?

Vartikam  (वार्त्तिकम्) is defined as follows :-

उक्तानुक्तदुरुक्तानां चिन्ता यत्र प्रवर्तते।

तं ग्रन्थं वार्त्तिकं प्राहु: वार्त्तिकज्ञा मनीषिण​:॥

जय जय श्रीराधे